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Genetics Vocab

2008-02-08T09:48:00.000-08:00

Genetics- Scientific study of Heredity

http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/elib/do/document?set=search&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=2&edition=&ts=BE1A38F52F5399954FDEAC104E7C125E_1202493332197&start=1&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B142603296

True-breeding- Term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate.

http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/elib/do/document?set=search&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=4&edition=&ts=BE1F6A24927E69839AE0FBAAA8C0D8FE_1202604954734&start=1&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B145317064

Trait-Specific characterstic that varies from one individual to another

http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/elib/do/document?set=search&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=1&edition=&ts=12EB3695A45DAC25AAB9C4889138807E_1202600125713&start=1&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B123802997

Hybrid- offspring of crosses from parents with different traitshttp://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/elib/do/document?set=search&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=1&edition=&ts=12EB3695A45DAC25AAB9C4889138807E_1202600712197&start=1&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B142781069

Gene- Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/elib/do/document?set=search&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=3&edition=&ts=12EB3695A45DAC25AAB9C4889138807E_1202600894064&start=1&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B124469047

Allele- one of a number of different forms of a genehttp://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/elib/do/document?set=search&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=1&edition=&ts=BE1F6A24927E69839AE0FBAAA8C0D8FE_1202603184992&start=1&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B124390411

Segregation- Seperation of alleles during gamete formation http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/elib/do/document?set=search&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=2&edition=&ts=BE1F6A24927E69839AE0FBAAA8C0D8FE_1202603530507&start=1&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B114928589

Gamete- Specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction

http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/elib/do/document?set=search&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=1&edition=&ts=BE1F6A24927E69839AE0FBAAA8C0D8FE_1202603862374&start=1&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B86444769

Probability- liklihood that a particular event will occur

http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/elib/do/document?set=search&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=1&edition=&ts=BE1F6A24927E69839AE0FBAAA8C0D8FE_1202604339638&start=1&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B78402926

Punnett Square- Diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a ginetic cross

http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/elib/do/document?set=search&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=4&edition=&ts=BE1F6A24927E69839AE0FBAAA8C0D8FE_1202604605606&start=1&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B129958823

Homozygous- Term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait.

Heterozygous- Term used to describe an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait

http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/elib/do/document?set=search&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=1&edition=&ts=39EA73ED92B0E433A630D1735AB5B8AD_1202698718699&start=1&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B124390411

Phenotype- Physical characteristics of an organism

http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/elib/do/document?set=search&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=1&edition=&ts=64BC51A8619D6A486E6D2C7041A06620_1202786355038&start=1&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B123237558

Genotype- Genetic makeup of an organism

http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/elib/do/document?set=search&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=2&edition=&ts=64BC51A8619D6A486E6D2C7041A06620_1202786550130&start=1&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B42853952

Homologous- Term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposit-sex parent.

http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/elib/do/document?set=search&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=4&edition=&ts=64BC51A8619D6A486E6D2C7041A06620_1202786767944&start=1&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B105291436

Diploid- Term used to refer to cells that contain both sets of homologous chromosomes.

http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/elib/do/document?set=search&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=1&edition=&ts=64BC51A8619D6A486E6D2C7041A06620_1202786929355&start=1&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B123802848

Haploid- Term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore, only a single set of genes.

http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/elib/do/document?set=search&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=1&edition=&ts=64BC51A8619D6A486E6D2C7041A06620_1202787114607&start=1&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B123802848

Meiosis- Process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell.

http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/elib/do/document?set=search&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=1&edition=&ts=64BC51A8619D6A486E6D2C7041A06620_1202787357240&start=1&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B127037857

Tetrad- Structure containing four chromoatids that are formed during meosis

http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/elib/do/document?set=search&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=2&edition=&ts=64BC51A8619D6A486E6D2C7041A06620_1202787724481&start=1&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B148674117

Crossing-Over- Process in which homologous chrromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis

http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/elib/do/document?set=search&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=1&edition=&ts=64BC51A8619D6A486E6D2C7041A06620_1202787919330&start=1&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B123798655

Gene Map- Diagram showing the relative locations of each gene on a particular chromosome

http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/libweb/elib/do/document?set=search&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=1&edition=&ts=64BC51A8619D6A486E6D2C7041A06620_1202788059316&start=1&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B71997772

Review Questions

2008-01-09T10:58:00.000-08:00

p.243 1-5
p.249 1-6
p.252 1-5
p.257 1-10

Pg. 243

1. Cells divide because if they grew indefinitely, the more it demands from the DNA. also because wastes would not move through the membrane as well. T

2. The cells DNA is like library books because as the cell would get bigger, more things would be demanded of it so things would have to wait to read the DNA, just like if too many people moved into a city, the books would all be checked out so people would have to wait.

3. The solution of the problem to cell growth is Mitosis becasue it just divides before getting too big.

4. As the cell grows, Volume increases more rapidly then surface area.

5. Surface area=96 cm Volume=64 cm3

Pg. 249

1. Prophase, interphase, metaphase, anaphase,and telophase are the main events of the cell cycle

2. during interphase, the nuclear envelope dissapears and the chromosomes condense. During metaphase, the chromosomes move towards the center of the cell and line up. During anaphase, the spindle fibers pull apart the chromosomes and they start to head towards the poles of the cell. During Telophase the nuclear envelope reforms around the new chromosomes and the cytoplasm splits, otherwise known as cytokinesis.

3. During interphase, the cell grows and copies its DNA as it prepares for the next stage of mitosis.

4. Chromosomes are made of a material called chromatin, which is made of the cell's DNA tightly woven together.

5. Prokaryotic cells divide the same way that eukaryotic cells do but they do not need to break down any nucleic envelope because they do not have a nucleus

6. Cytokinesis in plant cells is similiar to animal cells becase they both split the cytoplasm in the process. plant cells form a cell plate which forms two new cells whereas animal cells just split it into two parts.

pg. 252

1. Cyclins are chemicals that control the cell cycle. they basically have sensors that tell the cell to divide when it is not touching another cell and tell it to stop when another cell is being touched.

2. When cells do not respond to cyclins, cancer starts to occur because they cannot stop the cell cycle.

3. When cells have contact with other cells, they stop the cell cycle because there is no need to divide anymore cells.

4. Cancer is considered a disease of the cell cycle because when cancer is happening, the cell cannot control the cell cycle.

5. If cyclin was injected into a cell that was in mitosis, the cell would stop mitosis because cyclin is the chemical that tells it to stop.

pg. 257

1. a. volume
2. c. two daughter cells
3. b. centromere
4. c. 12
5. c. chromatids
6. a. prophase
7. b
8. b. cyclins
9. a. speed up or slow down the cycle
10. a. cancer

Cell Vocabulary

2008-01-06T10:48:00.000-08:00

Cell Division- the division of a cell in reproduction or growth. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QrMoyOfim2s

Chromatid- one of two identical chromosomal strands into which a chromosome splits longitudinally preparatory to cell division.

Centromere-
a specialized structure on the chromosome, appearing during cell division as the constricted central region where the two chromatids are held together and form an X shape.

Interphase- The period of the cell cycle during which the nucleus is not undergoing division, typically occurring between mitotic or meiotic divisions.

Cell Cycle- The cycle of growth and asexual reproduction of a cell, consisting of interphase followed in actively dividing cells by prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rdB37gQC0mk

Mitosis- The usual method of cell division, characterized typically by the resolving of the chromatin of the nucleus into a threadlike form, which condenses into chromosomes, each of which separates longitudinally into two parts, one part of each chromosome being retained in each of two new cells resulting from . the original cell

Prophase- the first stage of mitosis or meiosis in eukaryotic cell division, during which the nuclear envelope breaks down and strands of chromatin form into chromosomes.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S17wieLIQHI

Centriole- a small, cylindrical cell organelle, seen near the nucleus in the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, that divides in perpendicular fashion during mitosis, the new pair of centrioles moving ahead of the spindle to opposite poles of the cell as the cell divides: identical in internal structure to a basal body.

Spindle- The spindle apparatus is the cellular structure that forms during mitosis and meiosis to move the chromosomes.

Metaphase- The stage in mitosis or meiosis in which the duplicated chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate of the spindle.

Anaphase- The stage in mitosis or meiosis following metaphase in which the daughter chromosomes move away from each other to opposite ends of the cell.

Telophase- The final stage of meiosis or mitosis, in which the separated chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the dividing cell and the nuclei of the daughter cells form around the two sets of chromosomes.

Cytokinesis- the process whereby the cytoplasm of a single cell is divided to spawn two daughter cells. It usually initiates during the late stages of mitosis,

Cyclin- A class of proteins that fluctuate in concentration at specific points during the cell cycle and that regulate the cycle by binding to a kinase.

Cancer- a malignant and invasive growth or tumor, esp. one originating in epithelium, tending to recur after excision and to metastasize to other sites.

Biography

2008-01-04T09:42:00.000-08:00

My name is Copernicus. I love playing sports and just having fun. I am a freshman at Chaparral High School. I love eting mexican food. I play baseball. basketball, and fooball.